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Mental skills · Athlete question

How are outcome, performance and process goals different?

An outcome goal describes a result, such as winning. A performance goal describes a personal benchmark, such as a time. A process goal describes an action, such as following an agreed preparation routine. Each answers a different question about what you want and what you will work on.

Based on training by Dr. Braden Brown, PhD
MPC™ Map. Adapted for athletes by the Reset editorial team.

Use the outcome to describe the ambition

The goal you care about may be easy to name: make the team, reach the final, win the tournament. It can be harder to explain what tomorrow’s practice should look like because of it. An outcome gives your ambition a destination, while the result still involves people and circumstances you do not decide.

Keep the ambition honest, then look underneath it. A runner hoping to make a relay team might need a conversation about performance standards, technical priorities and team responsibilities. The larger goal begins to connect with work the athlete can understand.

Use the performance goal as a benchmark

A personal benchmark adds another kind of information. A runner may use a coach-agreed time target; a basketball player may track accuracy in a defined task. Keep the setting beside the number. Ten shots after warm-up and ten after a demanding session give you different practice contexts to discuss.

A personal benchmark still is not fully under your control. Conditions, task difficulty and normal variation can affect the result. Use it as information for training rather than a daily verdict on your commitment.

Use the process goal to direct the rep

Choose the behavior you intend to attempt. A runner could follow the opening pacing plan. A basketball player could complete a familiar free-throw preparation before each attempt. The task needs to fit the technique and decisions being coached.

Brown’s goal-setting material asks athletes to translate broad goals into practical behaviors. The key question for your next session is, “What can I do when the opportunity arrives?” Keep the answer narrow enough to recognize afterward.

Connect the three without confusing them

Consider a swimmer who wants to qualify for a final. That is the outcome. The coach may set a relevant time benchmark as the performance target. The athlete may choose one preparation action or a particular race-plan behavior as the process target.

After the race, review the result, the benchmark and the attempted action separately. You might follow the process and miss the time. You might reach the time with a preparation step that still needs work. Separating the questions gives your review more detail.

Before the next practice, identify the action that belongs to that session. If the connection to your larger goal is unclear, bring that question to your coach. You can keep the ambition in view while giving today’s work a purpose that is close enough to attempt.